George Hay began his career in private legal practice, initially in Petersburg, Virginia, and later in Richmond. He transitioned to public service as the United States Attorney for the District of Virginia, followed by a stint in the Virginia House of Delegates. After another period in private practice in Washington, D.C., he was appointed to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Hay's career was marked by a significant personal connection through his marriage to Eliza Kortright Monroe, daughter of President James Monroe.

George Hay's political philosophy reveals a deeply rooted commitment to regional economic interests, as evidenced by his unexpected alignment with opposing factions on environmental regulations. His ideological agility is further highlighted by his pro-slavery stance during the Missouri Crisis, masked under an anonymous pen name. Hay's judicial career, marked by a significant appointment during the Adams administration, suggests a calculated approach to legal and political influence. His marriage to Eliza Kortright Monroe ties him to the legacy of President James Monroe, adding a layer of personal and political gravitas to his public persona.