Matthew M. Neely began his career in law after earning his degree from West Virginia University. He served as mayor of Fairmont before being elected to Congress, where he represented his district for several terms. Neely transitioned to the Senate, where he became a prominent advocate for organized labor and civil rights. He introduced significant legislation, including the first Department of Peace bill and the National Cancer Institute Act. Neely's career also included a stint as governor, during which he enacted child welfare reforms and established a State Planning Board.

Matthew M. Neely's political philosophy is marked by a blend of progressive advocacy and strategic pragmatism, notably advocating for organized labor and civil rights while remaining conspicuously silent on key civil rights votes. His legislative efforts, such as the anti-lynching bill and the Department of Peace, reveal a commitment to social justice that contrasts with his non-participation in pivotal civil rights votes. Neely's unique stance on home rule for the District of Columbia and his introduction of the Anti-Block Booking Act demonstrate a knack for addressing niche issues with broad implications, showcasing an ideologically agile approach. His rhetorical prowess as a master orator further underscores his ability to frame complex issues in compelling ways.