John Thomas Caine emigrated to the United States in 1846, settling initially in New York City before moving to St. Louis and eventually the Territory of Utah. He converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1847 and married Margaret Nightingale that same year. Caine established himself as an educator and public servant, teaching school and serving in various political capacities, including as secretary of the territorial council and City Recorder of Salt Lake City. He co-founded the Salt Lake Herald, where he served as managing editor and president. Caine transitioned from journalism to elected office, representing Utah in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Utah State Senate.

John Thomas Caine's political career reveals a unique blend of religious advocacy and pragmatic governance, particularly evident in his dissemination of the LDS Church's Manifesto against polygamy. His ideological agility is further highlighted by his shift from Democratic to People's Party affiliations, showcasing a calculated approach to regional interests. Caine's rhetorical style likely emphasized moral and ethical dimensions of policy, particularly when addressing controversial social issues.